15 resultados para 620208 Vegetables

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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本研究是以植物起源于海洋的系统进化理论和植物细胞的全能性理论为依据的。 对芹菜(Apium graveolensL.)、油菜(B. rapa, chinese group)、叶用甜菜(Beta vulgaris(L.)Koch, Cicla group)、甘蓝(B. oleraceae, acephala group)、豆瓣菜(A'asturtiumofficinale R.Br*.)、番杏(Tetragonla expansa Ait.)、菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)等蔬菜种类进行大规模种质资源筛选和鉴定, 从芹菜、油菜、叶用甜菜等植物中筛选出20多种能够耐受l%NaCI或1/3海水盐度的蔬菜品系。在耐盐蔬菜品种资源筛选的基础上,为了证明用生物技术提高盐敏感蔬菜耐盐性的可行性,本研究以植物体外培养细胞体系为操作平台,对盐敏感的蔬菜一一豆瓣菜进行了生物技术改造。一方面,筛选豆瓣菜的耐盐细胞变异体并使得耐盐细胞再生植株,获得了耐1/3海水的豆瓣菜变异体;另一方面,通过将盐生植物山菠菜(Atriplex hortensisL)的耐盐相关基因,甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因转入豆瓣菜,使得BADH基因在豆瓣菜中过量表达和积累甜菜碱,提高了豆瓣菜的渗透调节能力,从而提高了豆瓣菜的耐盐性。同时,本研究还将所获得的多种抗盐、耐海水蔬菜材料以海水无土栽培的方式进行生产和应用, 取得了很好的效果。 本文的结果证明了在陆地淡水栽培的蔬菜和野生蔬菜资源中,存在着部分耐盐性较强的蔬菜种质;通过生物技术改造能够提高盐敏感蔬菜的耐盐性,并获得抗盐、耐海水的蔬菜新品系。对这些抗盐、耐海水蔬菜材料进行1/3海水无土栽培应用的成功结果表明,某些陆地蔬菜具有重新适应海洋生境的潜能。

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虫(nematodes)是世界农业生产的一大障碍,每年给世界农业生产造成约1000亿美元的巨额损失,是世界各国一直关注的重点病害之一。线虫可以危害各种大田作物和各种温室植物,几乎所有的栽培植物都有线虫危害发生。随着人们环保意识的增强以及健康意识的觉醒,传统防治根结线虫的药物如溴甲烷等因对环境的破坏作用,或者由于高毒、使用不便、抗药性等原因而迅速退出历史舞台,研究环保高效防治线虫成为世界各国竞相发展的技术之一。本研究尝试通过物理方式防治蔬菜根结线虫,并调查了对土壤质量的影响,主要内容包括: 1. 设计制造了功率20 Kw,频率为915 MHz的大功率土壤微波处理机,并通过了田间试验; 2. 设计制造了每小时120 g臭氧产量的便携式臭氧土壤处理机,并通过了田间试验; 3. 采用4因素3水平正交法L9(34)在山东寿光蔬菜大棚进行了蔬菜根结线虫的防治试验,综合考察微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌等不同处理水平对根结线虫和对土壤质量的影响,结果表明: 1) 大棚土壤经微波60 s照射能够显著降低甜瓜根结线虫数和根结指数(p < 0.05),盆栽试验只需处理10 s即可显著防治甜瓜根结线虫(p < 0.01);以120 g/h臭氧浓度处理5 s也能显著降低甜瓜根结线虫的数量(p < 0.05);田间施入5 g/m2的EM菌,能够显著降低甜瓜根结线虫的数量(p < 0.05);盆栽试验中微波吸收剂具有降低根结线虫数量的趋势,但是不同处理水平之间差异不显著,田间试验则具有增加根结线虫的趋势,不同处理水平之间也没有显著差异。 2) 微波不同处理水平之间对甜瓜单瓜重的影响没有显著差异;以120 g/h臭氧浓度处理甜瓜能够显著增加甜瓜单瓜重(p < 0.05);200 g/m2微波吸收剂能够显著提高甜瓜单瓜重(p < 0.05);以5 g/m2EM菌处理土壤则显著降低甜瓜单瓜重(p < 0.05)。 3) 微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂不同处理水平对甜瓜糖度的影响没有显著差异;以3 g/m2的EM菌处理甜瓜能够显著降低甜瓜的糖度。 4) 不同因素对甜瓜硬度的影响没有显著差异。 5) 微波处理60 s能够显著提高甜瓜的果型指数(p < 0.1),臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌等因素不同处理水平之间对果型指数影响差异不显著。 6) EM菌5 g/m2处理浓度能够显著降低甜瓜株高(p < 0.1),微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂不同处理水平之间对株高的影响没有显著差异。 7) EM菌5 g/m2处理浓度能够显著降低甜瓜根径(p < 0.1),微波、臭氧、微波吸收剂不同处理水平之间对根径的影响没有显著差异。 8) 微波处理60 s能够显著降低表层土壤(0-5 cm)的有机质含量(p < 0.01);以120 g/h的臭氧浓度处理,则可以显著提高10-15 cm土壤的有机质含量(p < 0.05),其它处理因素的不同水平对有机质的影响差异不显著。 9) 微波不同处理水平对土壤全氮的影响没有显著差异(p < 0.05);120 g/h臭氧处理浓度能够显著降低表层土壤(0-5 cm)的土壤全氮量(p < 0.1);100 g/m2微波吸收剂处理水平能够显著提高10-15 cm土壤全氮量(p < 0.05);EM菌3 g/m2的处理水平则显著降低5-10 cm土壤全氮量(p < 0.05)。 10) 微波、微波吸收剂、EM菌不同处理水平之间对土壤全磷没有显著影响;240 g/h臭氧浓度处理5 s能够显著降低10-15 cm土层的土壤全磷含量(p < 0.05)。 11) 微波、微波吸收剂对土壤全磷没有显著影响;臭氧处理具有降低土壤有效磷的趋势,EM菌处理则有提高土壤有效磷的趋势,但是 不同处理水平之间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。 12) 微波处理对土壤EC值没有显著影响;臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌处理具有降低土壤EC值的趋势,但是不同处理水平之间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。 13) 微波处理30 s能够显著降低表层土壤的pH值(p < 0.05),臭氧、微波吸收剂、EM菌处理具有提高土壤pH值的趋势,但是不同处理水平之间差异不显著。

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Data of classification, origin, pathway and environmental impacts of invasive alien micro-organisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, weeds, trees, and marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems of China, were analyzed, based on literature retrieval, field survey and consultation. Some 283 invasive alien species were recorded in China, including 19 invasive alien micro-organisms, 18 aquatic plants, 170 terrestrial plants, 25 aquatic invertebrates, 33 terrestrial invertebrates, 3 amphibians and reptiles, 10 fish, and 5 mammals. Of the invasive alien species, 55.1% originated from North and South America, 21.7% from Europe, 9.9% from Asia, 8.1% from Africa and 0.6% from Oceania. Many institutions and individuals in China lack adequate knowledge of ecological and environmental consequences caused by invasive alien species, with some ignorance of the dangerous invasion in the introduction of alien species. For instance, 50.0% of invasive alien plants were intentionally introduced as pasture, feedingstuff, ornamental plants, textile plants, medicinal plants, vegetables, or lawn plants, 25% of alien invasive animals were intentionally introduced for cultivation, ornament, or biological control, In addition, more efforts are being made in the introduction of alien species, and little attention is paid on the management of introduced alien species, which may cause their escape into natural environment and potential threats to the environment. There were also gaps in quarantine system in China. All microorganisms were unintentionally introduced, through timber, seedling, flowerpot, or soil; 76.3% of alien invasive animals invaded through commodity or transportation facility because of the failure of quarantine. Therefore, quarantine measures should be strictly implemented; and meanwhile the intentional introduction of alien species should be strictly managed and a system of risk assessment should be implemented.

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采用室内培养皿滤纸法进行种子发芽的方法,通过测定早酥梨叶片浸提液对几种蔬菜种子胚根生长的影响,研究了不同浓度浸提液对几种蔬菜的化感作用。为制定合理的间套作耕作制度,更好的安排果树生产布局提供科学依据。结果表明:早酥梨叶片浸提液对蔬菜胚根生长的影响总体上表现为低促、高抑,即低浓度的浸提液对蔬菜胚根的生长有促进作用,较高浓度的浸提液对蔬菜胚根的生长产生抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越强。不同生长年限的早酥梨叶提取液对其间作套种蔬菜抑制作用的强弱顺序为生长第6年>第7年>12年>生长第22年>第4年。

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为外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)在日光温室蔬菜上的应用提供科学依据。【方法】研究了不同浓度ALA处理对日光温室番茄生产的影响。【结果】ALA以及ALA+N叶面施用均明显提高了番茄植株株高、叶绿素相对含量和果实产量,并改善了番茄果实品质;与对照相比,外源ALA各处理植株株高、叶绿素相对含量和单株生物产量均有明显提高,其中D处理(ALA1号肥料第1次2 kg/hm2,第2~4次1 kg/hm2)效果最佳,植株株高、叶绿素相对含量及单株生物产量分别提高27.18%,17.75%和13.93%;外源ALA对番茄果实产量和品质也有明显的提高和改善作用,其中处理B(ALA1号肥料第1次0.5 kg/hm2,第2~4次0.3 kg/hm2)对果实产量效果最明显,处理E(ALA3号肥料第1次2.5 kg/hm2,第2~4次1.5 kg/hm2)对果实品质效果最佳。【结论】处理E(ALA3号肥料第1次2.5 kg/hm2,第2~4次1.5 kg/hm2)既有利于番茄生长发育,又能增加产量并改善品质,为最佳的ALA施用量及方法。

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对陕北黄土高原日光温室大棚蔬菜黄瓜、大青菜、油麦菜和西芹进行了叶面喷施富万钾有机钾肥的田间试验研究。结果表明,在日光温室大棚蔬菜上施用有机钾肥,黄瓜植株高度、叶片数、茎粗、叶面积、瓜长均增加。大青菜的茎粗增长44%。油麦菜的株高、茎粗、地上植株、地下根重、总生物量均明显增加。西芹的株高、茎粗、地上植株、地下根重以及总生物量增加。富万钾有机钾肥能明显促进蔬菜生长,提高产量。

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采用田间实验研究了施用氮肥对设施条件下大青菜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤硝酸盐含量累积分布的影响。结果表明,在施氮肥0~500 kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越大,产量越高,但到达一定量时,便不能再促进产量的提高,反而会引起减产。土壤铵态氮含量随着土壤剖面向下不断下降,表层的铵态氮含量较高,土壤硝态氮含量在整个土壤剖面的分布变化较小,但也是从表层向下处于一种缓慢减少的趋势,铵态氮的累积主要集中在上部土壤剖面,硝态氮的累积分布在整个土壤剖面,土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量增加而增加;氮肥施用量对硝酸盐含量有很大影响。在施氮肥0~700kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越多,大青菜硝酸盐含量越高。

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This article assesses the impact of environmental non-tariff measures on China's agricultural exports. It uses two measures to show which countries make most intensive use of environmental non-tariff measures and which agricultural products exported by China are the most affected. Environmental non-tariff measures were most prevalence in Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Mexico, Japan, Russian, USA, Germany, and Netherland. Labor-intensive agricultural products, such as fish, vegetables, and fruit were most seriously affected.

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Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in vegetables were determined by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and capillary gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection (TSD). Hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) prepared by sol-gel method was used as extraction phase. The effects of extraction temperature, salting out, extraction time on extraction efficiency were studied. The detection limits of OPPs in water were <= 1.2 ng/l. This method was also applied to the analysis of OPPs in vegetable samples and matrix effect was studied. Linear ranges of OPPs in vegetable samples were 0.05-50 ng/g with detection limits <= 0. 15 ng/g and the repeatability of the method was less than 20% relative standard deviation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.